.jpg "Timeline of Ethics")
Below, following the historical timeline, are the figures who marked a milestone in the development of ethics up to the present day:
🔹 5th Century B.C.
The Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle developed the foundations of Western ethics. Socrates emphasized the importance of knowledge and moral virtue, Plato discussed the Theory of Ideas and its relationship with ethics, while Aristotle formulated his virtue ethics.
🔹 Late 4th – Early 5th Century A.D.
Saint Augustine of Hippo, a Christian theologian and philosopher, combined Platonic philosophy with Christian theology in his work The City of God, where he developed concepts such as free will and the relationship between divine grace and human ethics.
🔹 4th Century B.C.
The Epicurean philosopher Epicurus promoted the pursuit of pleasure as the primary goal of life but emphasized long-term pleasure and moderation.
🔹 3rd Century B.C.
The Stoic philosopher Zeno of Citium established Stoicism, a philosophical school that holds that virtue is the only good and that individuals should live according to universal reason.
🔹 13th Century
The philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas, influenced by Aristotle, proposed a synthesis of classical philosophy and Christian theology in his work Summa Theologiae, where he developed the ethical theory of natural law and the relationship between reason and faith.
🔹 17th Century
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes presented a contractualist view of ethics in his work Leviathan, arguing that individuals give up part of their freedom to form a government that guarantees peace and security.
🔹 18th Century
The German philosopher Immanuel Kant developed deontological ethics in his work Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, based on the categorical imperative, which holds that actions must be performed out of moral duty rather than utilitarian consequences.
🔹 19th Century
The English philosopher John Stuart Mill proposed utilitarianism in his work Utilitarianism, arguing that actions should be judged by their ability to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Meanwhile, in the 20th and 21st centuries:
🔹 20th Century
Contemporary ethics was enriched by various schools of thought, such as pragmatism, existentialism, feminism, and the ethics of care. Philosophers like John Dewey, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Carol Gilligan contributed to the development of new ethical perspectives.
🔹 21st Century
Ethics faces challenges in an increasingly globalized and technologically advanced world. Ethical debates focus on issues such as artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, climate change, human rights, and social justice.
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